Calendar Process

 

RESEARCH

What is a Calender?

      Any of various systems of reckoning time in which the beginning, length, and divisions of a year are defined. A table showing the months, weeks, and days in at least one specific year. A schedule of events.

A calendar is a system of organizing days for social, religious, commercial, or administrative purposes. This is done by giving names to periods of time, typically days, weeks, months, and years. A date is the designation of a single, specific day within such a system. Periods in a calendar (such as years and months) are usually, though not necessarily, synchronized with the cycle of the sun or the moon. Many civilizations and societies have devised a calendar, usually derived from other calendars on which they model their systems, suited to their particular needs.

A calendar is also a physical device (often paper). This is the most common usage of the word. Other similar types of calendars can include computerized systems, which can be set to remind the user of upcoming events and appointments.
A calendar can also mean a list of planned events, such as a court calendar.
The English word calendar is derived from the Latin word kalendae, which was the Latin name of the first day of every month.

Other calendar types
*Arithmetic and astronomical calendars
*Complete and incomplete calendars

*Solar 

*Fiscal calendars

A fiscal calendar generally means the accounting year of a government or a business. It is used for budgeting, keeping accounts and taxation. It is a set of 12 months that may start at any date in a year.

Three Principal Calendars

GREGORIAN		JEWISH			ISLAMIC
Months	Number of Days	Months		Number of Days	Months	Number of Days
January	31	Tishri	(Sep-Oct)	30	Muharram	29 or 30
February	28 or 29	Heshvan	(Oct-Nov)	29 or 30	Safar	29 or 30
March	31	Kislev	(Nov-Dec)	29 or 30	Rabi I	29 or 30
April	30	Tevet	(Dec-Jan)	30	Rabi II	29 or 30
May	31	Shevat	(Jan-Feb)	30	Jumada I	29 or 30
June	30	Adar	(Feb-Mar)	29 or 30	Jumada II	29 or 30
July	31	Adar Sheni	(leap year only)	29	Rajab	29 or 30
August	31	Nisan	(Mar-Apr)	30	Shaban	29 or 30
September	30	Iyar	(Apr-May)	29	Ramadan	29 or 30
October	31	Sivan	(May-Jun)	30	Shawwal	29 or 30
November	30	Tammuz	(Jun-Jul)	29	Dhul-Qadah	29 or 30
December	31	Av	(Jul-Aug)	30	Dhul-Hijjah	29 or 30
		Elul	(Aug-Sep)	29

Calendar noun An organized list, as of procedures, activities, or events: agenda, docket, lineup, order of the day (often used in plural), program, schedule, timetable. 

Uses for a Calendar:
The primary practical use of a calendar is to identify days: to be informed about and/or to agree on a future event and to record an event that has happened.
Calendars are also used to help people manage their personal schedules, time and activities, particularly when individuals have numerous work, school, and family commitments. People frequently use multiple systems, and may keep both a business and family calendar to help prevent them from overcommitting their time.
Calendars are also used as part of a complete timekeeping system: date and time of day together specify a moment in time. In the modern world, written calendars are no longer an essential part of such systems, as the advent of accurate clocks has made it possible to record time independently of astronomical events.

Physical calendars
A calendar is also a physical device (often paper) (for example, a desktop calendar or a wall calendar). In a paper calendar one or two sheets can show a single day, a week, a month, or a year
In the USA Sunday is considered the first day of the week and so appears on the far left and Saturday the last day of the week appearing on the far right. In Britain the weekend may appear at the end of the week so the first day is Monday and the last day is Sunday. The US calendar display is also used in Britain.
Calendar formats
It is common to display the Gregorian calendar in separate monthly grids of seven columns (from Monday to Sunday, or Sunday to Saturday depending on which day is considered to start the week - this varies according to country) and five to six rows (or rarely, four rows when the month of February contains 28 days beginning on the first day of the week), with the day of the month numbered in each cell, beginning with 1.

Calendar HISTORY

The history of calendars spans several thousand years. In many early civilizations, calendar systems were developed.

Sumer

The ancient Sumerian calendar divided a year into 12 lunar months of 29 or 30 days. There were no weeks in the Sumerian calendar.^[3] Holy days and time off from work were usually celebrated on the first, seventh and fifteenth of each month. In addition to these holy days, there were also feast days which varied from city to city. A day was divided into twelve hours, six daylight hours, each lasting one-sixth of the day, and six nighttime hours, each lasting one-sixth of the night. This meant the length of hours varied from season to season, daylight hours being shorter in the winter and longer in the summer and vice versa.

Maya

Of all the ancient calendar systems, the Maya and other Mesoamerican systems are the most complex. The Mayan calendar had 2 years, the 260-day Sacred Round, or tzolkin, and the 365-day Vague Year, or haab.

The Vague Year of 365 days is similar to our modern calendar, consisting of 18 months of 20 days each, with an unlucky five day period at the end. The Vague Year had to do primarily with the seasons and agriculture, and was based on the solar cycle.

Greece

The ancient Athenian calendar was a lunisolar calendar with 354 day years, consisting of twelve months of alternating length of 29 or 30 days. To keep the calendar in line with the solar year of 365.25 days, an extra, intercalary month was added in every other year.

The table of Greek Olympiads, following the four-year cycles between the Olympic Games

Roman calendar

Roman dates were calculated "from the founding of the city" of Rome. This was assumed to be 750 BC, although calculations by Marcus Terentius Varro in the 1st century BC determined 753 BC to be the founding date.  An alternative system had become more common even by Varro's time, whereby the Romans referred to the names of the consuls rather than the date of the year. References to the year of consulship were used in both conversation and official records. The Romans had an eight day week, with the market-day falling every eight days.

MIDDLE AGES

Anno Domini 

Viking calendar

Christian Europe - The medieval Christian view of God creating the universe, "by number, weight and measure." For chronological purposes, the flaw of the Annon Domini system was that dates have to be reckoned backwards or forwards according as they are BC or AD.

Timekeeping devices -For thousands of years, devices have been used to measure and keep track of time.

·         shadow clocks

·         Water clocks

·         Sundials

·         Candle clocks

·         Incense clocks

·         Clocks with gears

·         Astronmical

INSPIRATIONAL IMAGES

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These are Designs based on GRID with lots of SIDE BARS :) I used a matrix to experiment with how many unique variations I could come up with. Reflecting back on these, my side bar thoughts led me to my concepts for the next sketches of layouts based on elements from the 8 photos in my series. These have been very helpful to me to establish or see a foundation of design layout. Its a base/starting point. I don’t see my final comp being so boxy but this is a step that I feel is necessary to the process. This process will help me move forward and I may even need to revisit these sketches in my next crit or next design problem.

I laid a roll of tracing paper over pre made grids to do these sketches. They are more helpful and readable in person but have translated into a wrinkly gray mess, even with photo shop help ... I thought the roll would be easier to manage but I am thinking I might need to rethink it for next time.